|
Toxicity of Pesticides to Bees |
Common name (ISO) |
Examples of Brand
names |
Pesticide Class |
length of residual
toxicity |
Comments |
Bee toxicity |
propoxur |
Baygon |
Carbamate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
carbofuran |
Furadan |
Carbamate |
7 - 14 days |
|
highly
toxic |
methomyl |
Lannate, Nudrin |
Carbamate |
2 hours + |
|
highly
toxic |
pirimicarb |
Pirimor, Aphox |
Carbamate |
|
|
Relatively non-toxic |
aldicarb |
Temik |
Carbamate |
|
apply 4 weeks
before bloom |
Relatively non-toxic |
methiocarb |
Mesurol |
Carbamate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
carbaryl |
Sevin,
(b) Sevin XLR |
Carbamate |
3 - 7 days
(b) 8 hours @ 1.5
lb/acre (168 g/Ha) or less. |
Bees poisoned with
carbaryl can take 2-3 days to die, appearing
inactive as if cold. It allows them time to take
contaminated nectar and pollen back to the colony.
Some crops treated with Sevin under the wrong
conditions (in bloom, using a dust formulation, with
large numbers of bees in
the field) have been responsible for disastrous
kills. Sevin is one of the United States' most
widely used insecticides for a wide variety of
insect pests. It is also one of the most
toxic to honey
bees, in certain
formulations. There are formulations, however, which
are determined to be less
toxic (see tables). Usually,
applicator-beekeeper communication can effectively
be used to adequately protect
bees from Sevin
poisoning. |
highly
toxic |
acephate |
Orthene |
Organophosphate |
3 days |
|
Moderately
toxic |
demeton-s-methyl |
Meta-systox |
Organophosphate |
|
|
Moderately
toxic |
coumaphos |
Checkmite |
Organophosphate |
|
This is an
insecticide that is used inside the beehive to
combat varroa mites and small hive beetles, which
are parasites of the honey bee. Overdoses can lead
to bee poisoning. |
Relatively non-toxic |
trichlorfon |
Dylox, Dipterex |
Organophosphate |
|
3 - 6 hours |
Relatively non-toxic |
pyrazophos |
Afugan |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
monocrotophos |
Azodrin |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
fenthion |
Baytex |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
dicrotophos |
Bidrin |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
dimethoate |
Cygon, De-Fend |
Organophosphate |
3 days |
banned in the
US |
highly
toxic |
fensulfothion |
Dasanit |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
dichlorvos |
DDVP, Vapona |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
naled |
Dibrom |
Organophosphate |
16 hours |
|
highly
toxic |
chlorpyrifos |
Dursban, Lorsban |
Organophosphate |
|
banned in the
US for home and garden use |
highly
toxic |
fonofos |
Dyfonate EC |
Organophosphate |
3 hours |
|
highly
toxic |
tetrachlor- vinphos |
Gardona |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
azinphos-methyl |
Guthion,
Methyl-Guthion |
Organophosphate |
2.5 days |
|
highly
toxic |
phosmet |
Imidan |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
malathion |
Malathion USB, ~
EC, Cythion |
Organophosphate |
>8 fl oz/acre (58
L/km²) ⇒ 5.5 days |
|
highly
toxic |
oxydemeton methyl |
Metasystox-R |
Organophosphate |
<2 hours |
|
highly
toxic |
methamidophos |
Monitor, Tameron |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
methyl parathion |
parathion
Penncap-M |
Organophosphate |
5-8 days |
By far the most
potentially damaging pesticides for honey
bees are those packaged
in tiny capsules (microencapsulated).
Microencapsulated methyl parathion (PennCap
M), for example, is a liquid formulation containing
capsules approximately the size of pollen grains
which contain the active ingredient. When
bees are out in the
field, these capsules can become attached
electrostatically to the pollen-collecting hairs of
the insects, and at times are collected by design.
When stored in pollen, the slow-release feature of
the capsules allows the methyl parathion to be a
potential killer for several months. At the present
time, there is no way to detect whether
bees are indeed poisoned
by micro-encapsulated methyl parathion, so a
beekeeper potentially could lose replacement
bees for those already
poisoned by the pesticide. It is, therefore,
strongly recommended by experts that this
formulation be used only when honey bee exposure is
not a possibility. |
highly
toxic |
diazinon |
Spectracide |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
fenitrothion |
Sumithion |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
methidathion |
Supracide |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
phorate |
Thimet EC |
Organophosphate |
5 hours |
|
highly
toxic |
mevinphos |
Phosdrin |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
phosphamidon |
Dimecron |
Organophosphate |
|
|
highly
toxic |
demeton |
Systox |
Organophosphate |
<2 hours |
|
highly
toxic |
permethrin |
Ambush, Pounce |
Synthetic
pyrethroid |
1 - 2 days |
safened by
repellency under arid conditions. Permethrin is also
the active ingredient in insecticides used against
the Small hive beetle, which is a parasite of the
beehive in the temperate climate regions. |
highly
toxic |
cypermethrin |
Ammo |
Synthetic
pyrethroid |
Less than 2 hours |
|
highly
toxic |
esfenvalerate |
Asana, Pydrin |
Synthetic
pyrethroid |
1 day |
safened by
repellency under arid conditions |
highly
toxic |
resmethrin |
|
Synthetic
pyrethroid |
|
|
highly
toxic |
methoxychlor |
DMDT, Marlate |
Chlorinated
cyclodiene |
2 hours |
|
highly
toxic |
endosulfan |
Thiodan |
Chlorinated
cyclodiene |
8 hours |
|
moderately
toxic |
imidacloprid |
Confidor, Gaucho,
acetamiprid, clothianidin, nitenpyram, thiacloprid,
thiamethoxam, Kohinor, Admire, Advantage, Merit,
Confidor, Hachikusan, Premise, Prothor, Winner |
Neonicotinoid |
|
more info on
imidacloprid! |
highly
toxic |
mexacarbate |
Zectran |
|
|
highly
toxic |
|
dicofol |
|
Acaricide |
|
|
Relatively non-toxic |
petroleum oils |
|
|
|
|
Relatively non-toxic |
2,4-D
Dichloro phenoxyacetic acid |
|
Synthetic auxin
herbicide |
|
|
Relatively non-toxic |
|
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